Artificial insemination encompasses a range of techniques designed to maximize fertility outcomes. In humans, intrauterine insemination (IUI) is among the most commonly used methods. It involves placing washed and concentrated sperm directly into the uterus, bypassing the cervix to improve chances of fertilization. In some cases, intracervical insemination (ICI) is preferred, where sperm is deposited at the entrance of the cervix.

Animal breeding utilizes specialized AI techniques tailored to different species. For cattle, semen is deposited into the uterus using an insemination gun and an applicator, while in poultry, semen is injected into the oviduct using syringes. Semen preservation is crucial, especially for long-term storage or international transport. Liquid nitrogen freezing techniques allow semen to retain viability for extended periods, supporting global breeding programs.

Sperm preparation plays a critical role in AI success. Laboratory processing removes impurities and selects the most motile sperm. Timing is equally important; insemination must coincide with ovulation to enhance fertilization chances. In animals, estrus detection and hormonal treatments help synchronize ovulation with insemination schedules.

Overall, artificial insemination techniques have evolved to become precise, safe, and highly effective. They provide solutions for fertility challenges while enabling genetic improvement, controlled breeding, and conservation of endangered species.